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MARIANO MELGAR
Compositor de yaravíes
PRÓCER Y POETA PERUANO
Compositor de yaravíes
PRÓCER Y POETA PERUANO
Poeta, músico, pintor, guerrero, astrónomo, místico y sobre todo, patriota. Mariano Melgar reúne todas las virtudes de su pueblo arequipeño: romanticismo, valor moral, gran voluntad, mente lúcida, gran amor por el terruño, profundo patriotismo, rebeldía y culto por la Libertad.Mariano Melgar nació en Arequipa el 10 de agosto de 1790. Fueron sus padres don Juan de Dios Melgar y doña Andrea de Valdivieso, miembros de una distinguida familia y de holgada posición. Niño prodigioMelgar recibió una esmerada educación, facilitada por los dotes admirables y precocidad de aquel niño prodigio que a los tres años sabía leer correctamente, que dominaba el latín a los ocho y a los doce hablaba perfectamente el inglés y el italiano. En sus ratos apacibles dibuja y pinta los bellos paisajes donde se desenvuelve su primera juventud.Melgar religiosoEl medio ambiente lo orientó hacia los estudios religiosos y teológicos. Realizó sus estudios en el Seminario de "San Gerónimo", de Arequipa. Vistió el hábito de clérigo y nunca dejaría de ser religioso y cristiano.Su versión humanística y su dominio del latín lo obligaron a hacer traducciones de Virgilio y Ovidio. Recibió la tonsura de manos del venerable Obispo Pedro Chavéz de la Rosa.La construcción de una iglesia en su ciudad natal, le da ocasión para dejar a la posteridad perennizado un aspecto de su poderoso espíritu constructivo y una prueba de su amor a Dios y de su cristianismo. Dirige a un oficial de albañilería y levanta la cúpula de la iglesia de San Camilo que desafía a la acción de los años como la misma gloria de quien puso sus manos de elección en esa obra pía.Descubre su vocaciónPor aquella época conoce a la bella Manuelita Paredes, hija del Tesorero Fiscal de Arequipa, que se transforma en la primera pasión de Melgar y la inspiradora de sus primeros yaravíes, forma poética lírica en que el gran cantor arequipeño expresa su amargura y su tristeza. En el fondo ambos se amaban, pero el destino los separó.Melgar descubre entonces que su temperamento es poco adicto a la disciplina claustral y decide despojarse del hábito eclesiástico, abandonando el seminario para seguir su verdadera vocación: la poesía, el foro y el magisterio.Se dedica a devorar cuanto libro de nueva ideología cae en sus manos. Silvia, su gran amorPor entonces conoce a María Santos Corrales, la Silvia de sus amores, una bella niña de nueve años, que inspirará las más grandiosas notas de su lira.En sus elegías, en sus sonetos, en su Carta a Silvia, en sus yaravíes, transborda la encendida pasión, el dolor de amar, el deseo infinito de confundirse con el ser amado, la nostalgia de horas de ventura que pasaron, la desesperación y la esperanza, el afecto y el ansia del olvido, el reproche por las falsas promesas, la decepción y la plenitud de amar a través de la vida y a través de la muerte; siendo, además, el amor de Silvia una forma de su amor a la Patria."(...) por Silvia amo a mi Patria con esmero y por mi Patria amada a Silvia quiero".Su viaje a LimaPersuadido por sus padres para estudiar Jurisprudencia (pretexto para alejarlo de Silvia) viajó a Lima hacia 1811. La metrópoli, sacudida por el ardor oratorial de Baquijano y Carrillo y preñada de inquietud revolucionaria, no hizo sino fortalecer su convicción liberal y prepararlo para la lucha de la libertad de la patria. En Lima, fue profesor de Teología, Derecho, Historia y Matemáticas. De aquella época data la traducción de "El arte de olvidar", de Ovidio.El dolor de perder a SilviaVuelto a Arequipa, Melgar pide la mano de de su amada, pero la niña, influída por sus padres, está contra el poeta, por lo que Melgar sufre los desdenes de Silvia. Apesadumbrado, erró por la soledad de la campiña de Majes, impregnando el ambiente con tristeza de sus yaravíes. Esta es sin duda la época determinante del apogeo del yaraví en la obra de Melgar."El yaraví - dice F. García Calderón - es el ¡ay! que emite el alma cuando está agobiada por un pesar o por un amor desgraciado. No es el acento ardoroso del odio, ni la devoradora expresión de la venganza; es el gemido del que ve perdido su amor y continúa queriendo."Melgar y la causa libertariaEn el año de 1814 se produce la revolución de Pumacahua en el Cusco, que hace zozobrar la aparente tranquilidad del virreynato.Melgar, que se encontraba en Majes, se adhiere a la gran causa libertaria y marcha al combate por la independencia nacional.Aquella escena terrible de la despedida a sus padres inspirará más tarde a pintores y artistas. El virrey Abascal desplegó toda su energía y toda su fuerza sobre los rebeldes. El sacrificio del PrócerEn la batalla de Humachiri (Puno), Melgar se batió como el más valiente dirigiendo la artillería, en los momentos culminantes bajó de su caballo y manejó el cañón con olímpico denuedo.Ramírez, general realista, destruyó las tropas rebeldes y Melgar fue hecho prisionero.Sereno, estoico, grande, afrontó el injusto proceso sumario que se le instauró allí mismo, por ser un patriota. Y subió al patíbulo como todo un héroe, ofrendadno su preciosa vida a la libertad de su patria. Fue fusilado en la mañana del 12 de marzo de 1815, cuando aún no había cumplido los 25 años. El padre del poeta mártir murió al saber la noticia.
La gloria de Mariano Melgar no sólo es gloria arequipeña, ni siquiera gloria peruana, es gloria de América, gloria de aquellos que creen y luchan por el amor y la libertad.
YARAVÍ VII
¿Con que al fin tirano dueño,
Tanto amor, amores tantos,
Tantas fatigas,
No han conseguido en tu pecho
Más premio que un duro golpe
De tiranía?
Tú me intimas que no te ame
Diciendo que no me quieres
Ay, vida mía,
Y que una ley tan tiranaTenga de observar, perdiendo,
Mi triste vida!
Yo procuraré olvidarte
Y moriré bajo el peso
De mis desdichas.
Pero no pienses que el Cielo
Deje de hacerte sentir
Sus justas iras
Muerto yo tu llorarás
El error de haber perdido
una alma fina.
Y aún muerto sabrá vengarse
Este mísero viviente
Que hoy tiranizas.
A todas horas mi sombra
Llenará de mil horrores
Tu fantasía
Y acabará con tus gustos
El melancólico espectro
De mis cenizas.
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